| "The Paraphilic and Hypersexual Disorders:An Overview" | A Paraphilia must be distinguished from the nonpathological use of sexual fantasies, behaviors, or objects as a stimulus for sexual excitement in individuals without a paraphilia |
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| Playing on the Edge: Sadomasochism, Risk and Intimacy | Byrne, Romana 2013 , New York: Bloomsbury |
Fantasies, behaviors, or objects are paraphiliac only when they lead to clinically significant distress or impairment e.
4| , are obligatory, result in sexual dysfunction, require participation of nonconsenting individuals, lead to legal complications, interfere with social relationships | |
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| Albany: State University of New York Press | A Paraphilia must be distinguished from the nonpathological use of sexual fantasies, behaviors, or objects as a stimulus for sexual excitement in individuals without a paraphilia |
surveys have found no difference in frequency of sadistic fantasies in men and women.
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