| 597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form | |
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| Fage, Roland Oliver, Roland Anthony Oliver, The Cambridge History of Africa, Cambridge University Press: 1977 , p |
See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p.
20| Gibb London: Broadway House, 1929 p | however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 |
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| Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 |
"Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p.
9| Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence | 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account |
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| El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p | Jerry Bently, Old World Encounters: Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times New York: Oxford University Press, 1993 ,131 |
Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007.
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