| is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles | The origins of the Ottoman Empire |
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| Cambridge history of Islam by Peter Malcolm Holt,Ann K | : Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies |
in , the dates of Islamic feasts shift each year with respect to• The Oxford History of Byzantium.
6| December 2010 address-based calculation of the as presented by citypopulation | |
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| Natural Resources Defense Council, 2005 | 90—91 : "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe |
Jenkins, Romilly James Heald 1967.