| The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | Hitti, History of the Arabs, 10th edition 1970 , p |
|---|---|
| sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later | Kafih Jerusalem, 1984 , ch |
7 meters, achieving: Engineer Abdul Sattar Hashim Saeed Al-Kilani, 1999.
| 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account | " Encyclopedia Iranica 1996 : Web |
|---|---|
| but it is also known that he wrote a treatise on the twelve Shiite imams which has always been popular among Shiites |
Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani 2014.
| El-Cheikh, Nadia Maria Byzantium Viewed by the Arabs 2004, Harvard University Press p | however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 |
|---|---|
| 597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form |
These sources contain internal complexities, anachronisms, discrepancies, and contradictions.