العصور التاريخية. علم التاريخ و أقسام العصور التاريخية

Watts Making of Polities p Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp
— Period between prehistory and history, during which a culture or civilization has not yet developed writing but other cultures have already noted its existence in their own writings 206 BC — AD 220• Gies, Joseph and Gies, Frances 1973

Backman Worlds of Medieval Europe pp.

2
تعريف
Marx pays special attention to this stage in human development
علم التاريخ و أقسام العصور التاريخية
In the capitalist-controlled parliament, laws are made to protect wealth
تاريخ
Collins Early Medieval Europe p
Watts Making of Polities pp Cambridge, MA: De Capo Press
Keen Pelican History of Medieval Europe pp Daily Life in Medieval Europe

Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

تاريخ
Nees Early Medieval Art p
تاريخ
Lock Routledge Companion to the Crusades pp
تاريخ
Cunliffe Europe Between the Oceans pp