| Peter Teed 1992 , p | |
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| Seeing Islam as others saw it: a survey and evaluation of Christian, Jewish, Robert G | "Muhmmad," Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim world• See, for example, Bowersock, Glen Warren, Peter Robert Lamont Brown and Oleg Grabar Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World 1999, Harvard University Press p |
597, which notes that many of the details surrounding Muhammad's life as given in the biographies, are "problematic in certain respects, the most important of which is that they represent a tradition of living narrative that is likely to have developed orally for a considerable period before it was given even a relatively fixed written form.
19| Ideally, one would like to be able to check such accounts against contemporary evidence | Lapidus 2002 , pp 0 |
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| 5, "One major challenge to examining initial contacts between Byzantium and the early Muslim umma arises from the controversy surrounding the traditional Islamic account | Denis Gril, Miracles, , Brill, 2007 |
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| The Bustan al-Ukul, by Nathanael ibn al-Fayyumi, edited and translated by David Levine, Columbia University Oriental Studies Vol | sources are not contemporaneous with the events they purport to relate and sometimes were written many centuries later |
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| however, there is no relevant archaeological, epigraphic, or numismatic evidence dating from the time of Muhammad, nor are there any references to him in non-Muslim sources dating from the period before 632 |
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